Does an audit mean that my statements are correct?

Auditors are engaged to express an opinion on the quality of your financial statements. A typical positive audit opinion will say that your statements present your financial position “fairly, in all material respects.”

This isn’t the same as being free from error!

Straight from the CICA Handbook (Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants): “An item of information, or an aggregate of items, is material if it is probable that its omission or misstatement would influence or change a decision.”

As part of their audit, your accountant makes a determination on what amount is material for your organization. They assess any errors they identify relative to this materiality threshold. Thus, they may pass small errors without making corrections.

This would be a good point to discuss with your auditor, so that you understand their process around addressing any bookkeeping errors they find.

How can I know for sure what’s in the bank? The bank statement isn’t the same as my books…

It’s typical for the bank statement to show a different month-end balance from your general ledger.

Now that online access to banking records is so prevalent, it’s easier to keep track of the differences. However, they still exist, and you need to understand why.

For one thing, you need to pick up bank charges and any interest earned. For another, there may be errors to deal with – yours or the bank’s – which must be identified and corrected by comparing the two sets of records. Finally – and most significantly – there are timing differences between when you initiate a transaction and when the bank sees it.

Your books record payments and deposits in the order in which you issue them. The bank’s records will also contain these amounts – but in the order in which they were presented at the bank. That might be quite a different thing!

Let’s say you issued a batch of cheques dated on the 25th of the month. Getting them signed and into the mail took a couple of days. Some payees may have received and banked their cheques before the 30th, but others won’t cash them till the new month. As far as your books are concerned, these cheques are all current month items – but from the bank’s point of view, some belong to this month and some to next.

Therefore, at the end of this month, the bank will have a higher balance than your books, because the bank doesn’t know what cheques may be in transit.

As this example demonstrates, it’s very important for you to keep your bookkeeping up to date, and use your balance rather than the bank’s. Once you’ve issued a payment, you need to assume the money is gone, even if it hasn’t cleared from your account. You don’t want to try spending the same money twice!

The same problem can happen with other transactions. The deposit you made at the ATM on Friday may not be processed by the bank until Monday. The online purchase you made, or the online donation that a supporter made from their home may be logged on your system today, but may not arrive in the bank’s records until tomorrow.

The tool that you need to understand is the bank reconciliation. It is the document that proves your bookkeeper has compared your general ledger to the bank statement, and identified all problems and timing differences to the penny. If you put your general ledger at your right hand, the bank statement at your left hand, and the bank rec document in the middle, you should be able to see your balance, the bank’s balance, and an itemized explanation of any differences.

I got a bonus, and I had to pay a huge chunk of it as tax. What happened?

The bonus becomes part of your total compensation for the year. Let’s say your salary is $36,000 and your employer gives you a $500 bonus. You now need to be taxed as though you’re making $36,500. The bonus calculations need to adjust for the boost in your annual earnings.

Employment Insurance (EI) is a straight percentage of earnings up to an annual maximum. It’s not the culprit, here.

Canada Pension Plan (CPP) is a straight percentage of earnings over $3,500, to an annual maximum. The first $3,500 of earnings is not pensionable. This exempt amount is spread over all of the pays in the year. So, on a salary of $36,000, your weekly gross would be $36,000 ÷ 52 = $692.31. Your weekly non-pensionable earnings would be $3,500 ÷ 52 = $67.31. You pay CPP on only $692.31 – $67.31 = $625.00.

However, if you receive the $500 bonus on a separate cheque, you need to pay CPP on the whole bonus, because you’ve already had the exempt amount on your paycheque. That may make the CPP feel extra expensive.

Tax works in a similar way. In Canada, the first chunk of our income is tax-free: the basic personal exemption (for 2012, $10,822 federally). Thereafter, increasing tax rates apply to different slices of our income. Here are the rates for 2012.

The tax amount on your weekly paycheque is a blended rate: 0% on the first slice, 15% on the next slice, and so on. However, a lump sum such as a bonus must be taxed at the marginal rate: the tax rate that applies to the next dollar of earnings. This can feel very costly, but in fact it’s fair.

To work this out for yourself, you can use the CRA Payroll Deductions Online Calculator, or your can try the manual method, explained in more detail here.

What is split receipting and how do I do it?

Sometimes a charity acknowledges a donation with some sort of advantage. Common examples include providing a donor with complimentary tickets to a performance, or providing anyone who purchases a ticket to a fundraising event with a catered meal. In cases like these, where the patron is both making a gift and buying something, it is possible that only a portion of the amount of the donation would be eligible to be tax receipted. This is called split receipting.

Anytime a donor receives an advantage, the charity must deduct the value of the advantage – (click here for information on calculating fair market value) – from the amount of the donation and determine whether split receipting is necessary. The donation, less the advantage, must still represent a voluntary transfer of property by the donor to the charity.

Sometimes, even when a donor receives an advantage, split receipting is not necessary. It is important to remember the following:

• The 80% rule – If the advantage the donor receives is valued at more than 80% of the amount of the donation, the CRA does not consider the donor as having intended to make a gift and the charity cannot provide a tax receipt at all.
• The de minimis rule – Some advantages are too small to warrant split receipting. The de minimis rule dictates that if the value of an advantage (or combined advantages) does not exceed the lesser of $75 or 10% of the value of the gift, it is too minimal to have any effect on the amount of the gift. In these cases, a charity can issue a tax receipt for the full amount of the donation.

Visit this page on the CRA website for information on split receipting.

Employee or Self-Employed? HR story highlights hazards

Staff Post
By Heather Young

From time to time I will share stories from the field – names and details obscured!

One company went through a nerve-wracking time when a former worker – who had been hired on a fee-for-service contract as a freelance consultant – tried to claim EI and insisted to the folks at HRSDC that s/he had been an employee.

The government responded by notifying the company that they were responsible for remitting both the employer and the employee portions of EI and CPP for the duration of the contract. It was up to the company to appeal this decision, and prove that the worker had been properly treated as a freelancer.

To help the organization prepare its appeal, the government provided a lengthy questionnaire, much of it based on concepts you can read about in the CRA publication Employee or Self-employed?, published online.

The company also did some research, including checking the former worker’s social networking activities, where the individual clearly self-identified as a consultant for hire. It’s unclear whether that influenced the happy ending – but I can tell you that in at least one comparable case the defendant’s Facebook page did him in.

After many hours of work and months of waiting, the company finally received the happy news that their appeal was successful.

The CRA ruling made a strong effort to be balanced, stating that “the parties did not share a common intention as to the worker’s employment status” – although the company feels the status was always clear.  It outlined all the terms of employment in some detail, noting that the level of “control”, or supervision, of the employee and ownership of tools and equipment were neutral factors – they could have been interpreted to either party’s benefit. The fact that the worker was providing services personally and was not able to subcontract assigned work was deemed  consistent with the worker’s contention that s/he was an employee, but  the fact that the worker was free to take on other projects for personal profit, and promoted him/herself as a freelance communication consultant suggested to the CRA that s/he was “embarking on a business enterprise on his/her own account.”  Weighing all factors, the CRA ruled in the company’s favour: but in reading the written ruling, it looks like it was a close call.

Arts organizations and charities secure all sorts of services on part-time, part-year contracts. It’s worth the effort to research how a particular position should be treated (employee or self-employed?), and to be crystal-clear with the worker both verbally and in a written contract.

Annual T-Slip Deadline – February 29, 2012

Staff Post
By Heather Young 

The annual payroll reporting deadline is looming. T4 and T4A slips must be filed by Wednesday, February 29, 2012.

T4 Slips

In preparation, you should reconcile your payroll accounts: make sure that the balance on your PD7A form (i.e. the total source deductions that the government acknowledges receiving) matches the total of the cheques you issued.

Conduct your own “pensionable and insurable earnings review.” The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) checks this for every filer. Before you submit your T4s, you should confirm that the correct CPP and EI amounts were withheld, and were properly matched with employer contributions. If you find any shortage, it needs to be accrued to the employee record and remitted to the CRA.

Review your company’s employment relationships for any taxable benefits. Taxable benefits are items above and beyond payroll that have a value for employees, and that the CRA considers taxable income. Check this page on the CRA website for information about cell phones, parking, transit passes, insurance, gifts and other benefits.

Taxable benefits should be processed on a pay period by pay period basis, as required by law. If you’ve overlooked something, though, be sure to record it and remit the appropriate taxes at payroll year-end.

T4A Slips

Here’s the CRA’s word on when you need to issue T4A slips.

For small not-for-profits, including arts organizations, the most common requirement is to document “fees or other amounts for services.” This includes freelancer and self-employed contractor fees and, indeed, fees paid to any unincorporated business. (That is, cases where the fees are to be reported on a personal income tax return.)

Amounts paid to freelancers are to be reported on Box 48 of the T4A slip.

Here’s what the Canadian Payroll Association says about T4As: “The CRA is currently conducting a review of the types of payments that payers will be required to report in this box (i.e. Box 48). While this reporting requirement may be expanded in the future, it currently applies only to payers of independent or self-employed contractors, who should report any fees (excluding GST/HST) on the T4A using Box 48.”

Late filing

The penalties for late filing of T4 and T4A information returns can be found here on the CRA website.

Questions? Please contact us or comment below and we’ll do our best to help!